Shadows of Things to Come: The Feasts of the Lord
By Gregory John Wilson
Leviticus 23 is one of the most remarkable chapters in the Bible. In a single chapter, God lays out Israel's whole sacred year—a calendar of rest, sacrifice, harvest, trumpets, atonement and rejoicing. And notice whose feasts they are:
“Speak to the children of Israel, and say to them: ‘The feasts of the LORD, which you shall proclaim to be holy convocations, these are My feasts.’” Leviticus 23:2 (NKJV)
They are not “Jewish holidays” in the sense of something man invented. They are His feasts. The Hebrew word is מוֹעֲדִים (mo'adim)—appointed times, fixed appointments on God's calendar. And each one is called a מִקְרָא קֹדֶשׁ (mikra kodesh), a “holy convocation.” The word mikra can also carry the sense of a public reading or a rehearsal. Year after year, Israel was rehearsing something.
What were they rehearsing? Paul tells us:
“So let no one judge you in food or in drink, or regarding a festival or a new moon or sabbaths, which are a shadow of things to come, but the substance is of Christ.” Colossians 2:16–17 (NKJV)
“For the law, having a shadow of the good things to come…” Hebrews 10:1 (NKJV)
A shadow is not nothing. A shadow tells you the shape of what is coming before it arrives. When you see a shadow coming around the corner, you know someone is about to appear—and you can even tell something about what he looks like. The feasts are the shadow; Yeshua the Messiah is the substance. He did not come to erase them, but to fill them full:
“Do not think that I came to destroy the Law or the Prophets. I did not come to destroy but to fulfill.” Matthew 5:17 (NKJV)
Many believers have noticed a striking pattern: the spring feasts were fulfilled, to the very day, at Messiah's first coming. The fall feasts still point forward, and seem to describe the events surrounding His return. I hold the details of the future with an open hand—prophecy is often clearer in the rear-view mirror—but the pattern is too beautiful to ignore. Let's walk through the year together.
The Year at a Glance
| Feast | When | Shadow → Substance |
|---|---|---|
| Passover פֶּסַח (Pesach) |
1st month, 14th day | Yeshua crucified as our Passover Lamb |
| Unleavened Bread חַג הַמַּצּוֹת (Chag HaMatzot) |
1st month, 15th–21st | The sinless One buried; His people purged of leaven |
| Firstfruits בִּכּוּרִים (Bikkurim) |
Day after the Sabbath during Unleavened Bread | Yeshua raised, the firstfruits from the dead |
| Weeks / Pentecost שָׁבוּעוֹת (Shavuot) |
50 days after Firstfruits | The Holy Spirit poured out; the first great harvest |
| Trumpets יוֹם תְּרוּעָה (Yom Teruah) |
7th month, 1st day | The last trumpet; the gathering of His people |
| Day of Atonement יוֹם הַכִּפֻּרִים (Yom Kippur) |
7th month, 10th day | Our High Priest's once-for-all blood; Israel looks on Him whom they pierced |
| Tabernacles סֻכּוֹת (Sukkot) |
7th month, 15th–21st | The King dwells with His people; the nations come up to worship |
| The Eighth Day שְׁמִינִי עֲצֶרֶת (Shemini Atzeret) |
7th month, 22nd day | New heavens and new earth; eternity with God |
0. The Sabbath: The Heartbeat Beneath Them All
Before God names a single annual feast, He names the weekly one:
“Six days shall work be done, but the seventh day is a Sabbath of solemn rest, a holy convocation. You shall do no work on it; it is the Sabbath of the LORD in all your dwellings.” Leviticus 23:3 (NKJV)
The Sabbath is the heartbeat of the whole calendar—the pattern of sevens runs through everything that follows: seven days of Unleavened Bread, seven weeks to Shavuot, the seventh month holding three feasts, seven days of Tabernacles. The Sabbath is a foretaste of the rest that remains for the people of God (Hebrews 4:9), a rest we enter by trusting in Yeshua, who is Lord of the Sabbath. (I have written more on this in my article on the Sabbath.)
The Spring Feasts — Fulfilled
1. Passover (Pesach) — The Lamb Slain
“On the fourteenth day of the first month at twilight is the LORD's Passover.” Leviticus 23:5 (NKJV)
The facts:
- Kept on the 14th of the first month (Aviv, later called Nisan), at twilight—“between the evenings.” (See my article on Aviv for how the year begins.)
- It remembers the night in Egypt when each household killed a lamb without blemish, put its blood on the doorposts, and the destroyer passed over every house marked by blood (Exodus 12).
- The lamb was chosen on the 10th day and kept until the 14th (Exodus 12:3–6). Not one of its bones was to be broken (Exodus 12:46).
The fulfillment:
“For indeed Christ, our Passover, was sacrificed for us.” 1 Corinthians 5:7 (NKJV)
John the Baptist introduced Him with Passover words: “Behold! The Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world!” (John 1:29). Yeshua rode into Jerusalem in the days when the lambs were being selected, was examined by priests, Herod and Pilate—“I find no fault in Him”—and was crucified at Passover. John makes a point of telling us His legs were not broken:
“For these things were done that the Scripture should be fulfilled, ‘Not one of His bones shall be broken.’” John 19:36 (NKJV)
On the night He was betrayed, at the Passover table, He took the bread and the cup and said, “This is My body… this is My blood of the new covenant.” The blood on the doorposts became the blood on the cross. Judgment passes over everyone who is covered by it.
2. Unleavened Bread (Chag HaMatzot) — The Sinless One
“And on the fifteenth day of the same month is the Feast of Unleavened Bread to the LORD; seven days you must eat unleavened bread.” Leviticus 23:6 (NKJV)
The facts:
- Seven days, from the 15th to the 21st of the first month. The first and seventh days are holy convocations with no customary work.
- All leaven (yeast) is removed from the house. Israel left Egypt in such haste that their dough had no time to rise (Exodus 12:39).
- Throughout Scripture, leaven often pictures sin, pride or false teaching that quietly spreads through the whole lump (Matthew 16:6; Galatians 5:9).
The fulfillment:
Yeshua is the Bread of Life (John 6:35), born in Bethlehem— בֵּית לֶחֶם, “House of Bread.” He had no leaven in Him; He “knew no sin” (2 Corinthians 5:21). As Passover ended and Unleavened Bread began, His sinless body was laid in the tomb—and it did not decay:
“For You will not leave my soul in Hades, nor will You allow Your Holy One to see corruption.” Acts 2:27 (NKJV)
And Paul applies the feast to us, the people His blood has covered:
“Therefore purge out the old leaven, that you may be a new lump, since you truly are unleavened. For indeed Christ, our Passover, was sacrificed for us. Therefore let us keep the feast, not with old leaven, nor with the leaven of malice and wickedness, but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth.” 1 Corinthians 5:7–8 (NKJV)
Notice the order: first the blood, then the walk. We do not clean the house so that the Lamb will die for us. The Lamb dies for us, and then we clean the house—because we are already “unleavened” in Him.
3. Firstfruits (Yom HaBikkurim) — The Risen One
“When you come into the land which I give to you, and reap its harvest, then you shall bring a sheaf of the firstfruits of your harvest to the priest. He shall wave the sheaf before the LORD, to be accepted on your behalf; on the day after the Sabbath the priest shall wave it.” Leviticus 23:10–11 (NKJV)
The facts:
- The first sheaf of the barley harvest was waved before the LORD “on the day after the Sabbath” during the week of Unleavened Bread. (Jewish groups in the Second Temple era debated which Sabbath was meant, but the day it points to is plain in the Gospels.)
- No one could eat from the new harvest until the firstfruits had been given to God (Leviticus 23:14). The first sheaf was the pledge that the rest of the harvest was coming.
The fulfillment:
“But now Christ is risen from the dead, and has become the firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep.” 1 Corinthians 15:20 (NKJV)
Yeshua rose on “the first day of the week”—the day after the Sabbath—the very day the priest was waving the first sheaf in the Temple. He is the first sheaf out of the ground, presented to the Father and accepted on our behalf. And because the firstfruits were accepted, the rest of the harvest is guaranteed:
“But each one in his own order: Christ the firstfruits, afterward those who are Christ's at His coming.” 1 Corinthians 15:23 (NKJV)
4. Weeks / Pentecost (Shavuot) — The Spirit Poured Out
“And you shall count for yourselves from the day after the Sabbath, from the day that you brought the sheaf of the wave offering: seven Sabbaths shall be completed. Count fifty days to the day after the seventh Sabbath; then you shall offer a new grain offering to the LORD.” Leviticus 23:15–16 (NKJV)
The facts:
- Israel counted seven weeks—the “counting of the omer”—from Firstfruits. The 50th day is Shavuot (“Weeks”); the Greek name Pentecost simply means “fiftieth.”
- It celebrated the wheat harvest. Strikingly, the offering was two loaves baked with leaven (Leviticus 23:17)—the only feast offering where leaven is commanded.
- Israel arrived at Sinai in the third month (Exodus 19:1), and Jewish tradition has long connected Shavuot with the giving of the Torah on the mountain, with fire, wind and a great sound.
The fulfillment:
“When the Day of Pentecost had fully come, they were all with one accord in one place.” Acts 2:1 (NKJV)
Fifty days after the resurrection, in Jerusalem, at the feast, the Holy Spirit fell with the sound of a rushing wind and tongues of fire. At Sinai the Law was written on tablets of stone; at Pentecost the Spirit began writing it on hearts, just as Jeremiah promised:
“I will put My law in their minds, and write it on their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people.” Jeremiah 31:33 (NKJV)
When the Law came at Sinai, about three thousand people died after the golden calf (Exodus 32:28). When the Spirit came at Shavuot, about three thousand souls were saved (Acts 2:41). “The letter kills, but the Spirit gives life” (2 Corinthians 3:6).
And those two leavened loaves? Many have seen in them a picture of the one new man—Jew and Gentile, both still imperfect (leavened), both presented to God together and accepted as firstfruits because of the Messiah (Ephesians 2:14–16). That is a reading, not a proof text, but it fits the harvest that began that day and has never stopped.
The long summer. Right after Shavuot, and before the fall feasts, Leviticus 23 inserts one verse about the harvest:
“When you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not wholly reap the corners of your field… You shall leave them for the poor and for the stranger” (Leviticus 23:22).
Between the spring and fall feasts lies the long summer harvest—a fitting picture of the age we live in now, when the gospel goes out to the ends of the earth and even the stranger is gathered in, like Ruth the Moabitess gleaning in the field of Boaz. (Ruth is read in synagogues at Shavuot to this day.)
The Fall Feasts — Pointing to His Return
The seventh month is the Sabbath of the months, and it holds three appointed times in quick succession. If the spring feasts were fulfilled to the day at His first coming, it is reasonable to expect the fall feasts to find their fullness in His second.
5. Trumpets (Yom Teruah) — The Awakening Blast
“In the seventh month, on the first day of the month, you shall have a sabbath-rest, a memorial of blowing of trumpets, a holy convocation.” Leviticus 23:24 (NKJV)
The facts:
- Kept on the new moon of the seventh month. Teruah means a shout or a blast—the day of the shofar. Today it is widely known as Rosh Hashanah, the civil new year.
- Torah gives almost no explanation for it: only a trumpet blast, a memorial, and rest. It begins a ten-day season of repentance leading to Yom Kippur (the “Days of Awe” in Jewish tradition).
- In Scripture, the shofar gathers the assembly, sounds the alarm for war, announces a king, and heralds the presence of God (Numbers 10:1–10; Exodus 19:16).
The potential fulfillment:
“For the Lord Himself will descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of an archangel, and with the trumpet of God. And the dead in Christ will rise first.” 1 Thessalonians 4:16 (NKJV)
“…in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed.” 1 Corinthians 15:52 (NKJV)
“And He will send His angels with a great sound of a trumpet, and they will gather together His elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other.” Matthew 24:31 (NKJV)
A shout. A trumpet. A gathering. A King announced. The resurrection of the dead—the rest of the harvest that Firstfruits promised. Yom Teruah looks like a rehearsal for the day the King returns. When the seventh trumpet sounds in Revelation, loud voices in heaven cry, “The kingdoms of this world have become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ, and He shall reign forever and ever!” (Revelation 11:15).
6. The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) — Cleansing and Mourning
“Also the tenth day of this seventh month shall be the Day of Atonement. It shall be a holy convocation for you; you shall afflict your souls, and offer an offering made by fire to the LORD.” Leviticus 23:27 (NKJV)
The facts:
- The holiest day of the year and the only commanded fast. Once a year the high priest entered the Most Holy Place with blood to make atonement for himself, the sanctuary and the people (Leviticus 16).
- Two goats: one slain as a sin offering, one—the scapegoat—sent into the wilderness bearing Israel's sins away.
- The Year of Jubilee, with liberty proclaimed throughout the land, was announced by the shofar on Yom Kippur (Leviticus 25:9–10).
The fulfillment — already and not yet:
“Not with the blood of goats and calves, but with His own blood He entered the Most Holy Place once for all, having obtained eternal redemption.” Hebrews 9:12 (NKJV)
The atoning work is finished. Yeshua is both the sacrifice and the High Priest who carried His own blood into the true sanctuary in heaven. Yet Hebrews goes on to describe the people waiting outside for the High Priest to come back out:
“…so Christ was offered once to bear the sins of many. To those who eagerly wait for Him He will appear a second time, apart from sin, for salvation.” Hebrews 9:28 (NKJV)
The prophets foresee a day when Israel as a nation will “afflict their souls” in national mourning and be cleansed:
“And I will pour on the house of David and on the inhabitants of Jerusalem the Spirit of grace and supplication; then they will look on Me whom they pierced. Yes, they will mourn for Him as one mourns for his only son…” Zechariah 12:10 (NKJV)
“In that day a fountain shall be opened for the house of David and for the inhabitants of Jerusalem, for sin and for uncleanness.” Zechariah 13:1 (NKJV)
“And so all Israel will be saved” (Romans 11:26). I have explored this feast in much more depth in Yom Kippur Musings 2026.
7. Tabernacles (Sukkot) — The Crown of the Year
And now we arrive at the crowning event of the whole year. The trumpet has sounded. Atonement has been made. The fast is over. What comes next? Five days later, the greatest party on God's calendar.
“The fifteenth day of this seventh month shall be the Feast of Tabernacles for seven days to the LORD.” Leviticus 23:34 (NKJV)
“And you shall take for yourselves on the first day the fruit of beautiful trees, branches of palm trees, the boughs of leafy trees, and willows of the brook; and you shall rejoice before the LORD your God for seven days.” Leviticus 23:40 (NKJV)
The facts:
- Seven days, from the 15th to the 21st of the seventh month, at the full moon after the final ingathering of the harvest. It is also called the Feast of Ingathering (Exodus 23:16).
- Israel lived in סֻכּוֹת (sukkot)—temporary booths—to remember that God made them dwell in booths in the wilderness, where He dwelt among them in the tabernacle and led them by the cloud and the fire (Leviticus 23:42–43).
- It was one of three pilgrimage feasts when every man went up to Jerusalem (Deuteronomy 16:16). By the Second Temple period it was so central that it was often simply called “the Feast.”
- Over the seven days, seventy bulls were offered, counting down from thirteen to seven (Numbers 29:12–34). Ancient Jewish tradition connected these seventy bulls with the seventy nations of Genesis 10—Israel offering sacrifices on behalf of the whole world (Talmud, Sukkah 55b).
- In the Temple, a priest poured out water drawn from the Pool of Siloam at the altar each day, and giant lamps were lit in the Court of the Women that were said to light up all of Jerusalem.
The Feast Where There Is Only Joy
Every feast has joy in it, but Sukkot is the only one where God commands joy three times (Leviticus 23:40; Deuteronomy 16:14, 15). And the last command is extraordinary:
“Seven days you shall keep a sacred feast to the LORD your God in the place which the LORD chooses, because the LORD your God will bless you in all your produce and in all the work of your hands, so that you surely rejoice.” Deuteronomy 16:15 (NKJV)
The Hebrew behind “surely rejoice” is וְהָיִיתָ אַךְ שָׂמֵחַ (v'hayita ach same'ach)—literally, “and you shall be only joyful.” Nothing but joy. No fasting, no affliction of soul, no sin offering hanging over your head—that was all settled five days earlier on Yom Kippur. Jewish tradition calls Sukkot Z'man Simchateinu, “the Season of Our Joy.”
And notice who is invited into that joy: “you and your son and your daughter, your male servant and your female servant and the Levite, the stranger and the fatherless and the widow” (Deuteronomy 16:14). No one is left out of this feast.
That is the order of God's calendar and of God's plan: the trumpet, then the atonement, then only joy. Once sin is fully dealt with, there is nothing left but to celebrate.
The King Comes to Tabernacle With Us
The heart of Sukkot is God dwelling with His people. And John chose his words carefully when he introduced the Messiah:
“And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld His glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth.” John 1:14 (NKJV)
The Greek word for “dwelt” is eskēnōsen—literally, “He tabernacled” or “pitched His tent” among us. (Some believe Yeshua was actually born at Sukkot; Scripture does not say so directly, but the imagery is unmistakable.) At His first coming He tabernacled among us in a body of flesh—a temporary tent. At His return He will tabernacle among us as King.
Yeshua Himself used the Temple ceremonies of Sukkot to reveal who He is. On the day of the great water-pouring He stood up and cried out:
“On the last day, that great day of the feast, Jesus stood and cried out, saying, ‘If anyone thirsts, let him come to Me and drink. He who believes in Me, as the Scripture has said, out of his heart will flow rivers of living water.’” John 7:37–38 (NKJV)
And in the light of those great lamps He declared, “I am the light of the world” (John 8:12).
The Nations Come Up to Jerusalem
Here is the prophecy that makes Sukkot unlike any other feast. Zechariah 14 describes the day the LORD returns and His feet stand on the Mount of Olives (14:4). Then:
“And the LORD shall be King over all the earth. In that day it shall be—‘The LORD is one,’ and His name one.” Zechariah 14:9 (NKJV)
“And it shall come to pass that everyone who is left of all the nations which came against Jerusalem shall go up from year to year to worship the King, the LORD of hosts, and to keep the Feast of Tabernacles.” Zechariah 14:16 (NKJV)
Of all the appointed times, this is the one Scripture explicitly says the nations will keep when the King reigns from Jerusalem. The seventy bulls once offered on behalf of the nations become the nations themselves streaming up to worship. Isaiah saw the same pilgrimage:
“Now it shall come to pass in the latter days that the mountain of the LORD's house shall be established on the top of the mountains, and shall be exalted above the hills; and all nations shall flow to it. Many people shall come and say, ‘Come, and let us go up to the mountain of the LORD, to the house of the God of Jacob; He will teach us His ways, and we shall walk in His paths.’ For out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem.” Isaiah 2:2–3 (NKJV)
Many see this fulfilled in the thousand-year reign of Messiah that John describes in Revelation 20, when the saints “lived and reigned with Christ for a thousand years” (Revelation 20:4). God promised to raise up “the tabernacle of David, which has fallen down”—literally the sukkah of David (Amos 9:11; Acts 15:16). Sukkot is a seven-day feast, and many have seen in it a picture of the great “Sabbath” of history—the Messiah's reign of peace, when swords are beaten into plowshares and the whole earth rejoices under its rightful King.
John also caught a glimpse of the feast in heaven—palm branches and all:
“After these things I looked, and behold, a great multitude which no one could number, of all nations, tribes, peoples, and tongues, standing before the throne and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, with palm branches in their hands, and crying out with a loud voice, saying, ‘Salvation belongs to our God who sits on the throne, and to the Lamb!’” Revelation 7:9–10 (NKJV)
And the story does not end with the earthly Jerusalem. When the New Jerusalem comes down out of heaven, the voice from the throne announces the ultimate Sukkot:
“Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and He will dwell with them, and they shall be His people. God Himself will be with them and be their God.” Revelation 21:3 (NKJV)
“And the nations of those who are saved shall walk in its light, and the kings of the earth bring their glory and honor into it.… And they shall bring the glory and the honor of the nations into it.” Revelation 21:24, 26 (NKJV)
“Tabernacle” and “dwell” in Revelation 21:3 come from the same Greek root as John 1:14. The One who tabernacled among us in flesh will tabernacle among us forever. The nations still come up. The joy is still only joy.
8. The Eighth Day (Shemini Atzeret) — A New Beginning
But Leviticus 23 does not end on the seventh day. There is one more appointed time—one that is easy to miss:
“For seven days you shall offer an offering made by fire to the LORD. On the eighth day you shall have a holy convocation, and you shall offer an offering made by fire to the LORD. It is a sacred assembly, and you shall do no customary work on it.” Leviticus 23:36 (NKJV)
The facts:
- The 22nd of the seventh month, immediately after the seven days of Sukkot. It is the last appointed time of the year.
- It is called an עֲצֶרֶת (atzeret)—a solemn or sacred assembly, from a root meaning “to hold back” or “to linger.”
- After seventy bulls across seven days, on the eighth day only one bull was offered (Numbers 29:35–36).
- The medieval commentator Rashi explains it with a parable: a king invited his children to a feast for many days. When the time came for them to leave, he said, “Please, stay with me one more day. Your parting is hard for me.”
Why the Eighth Day?
In Scripture, seven is the number of completion—a finished week, a full cycle. Eight is the number of new beginning: the first day of a brand-new week.
- A son was circumcised and brought into the covenant on the eighth day (Genesis 17:12).
- Eight souls came through the flood into a washed, new world (1 Peter 3:20).
- Priests were consecrated for seven days and began their ministry on the eighth (Leviticus 8–9).
- Yeshua rose on the first day of the week—the day after the seventh, the “eighth day”—the beginning of the new creation.
So if the seven days of Sukkot picture the Messiah's kingdom on this earth, the Eighth Day steps beyond it, beyond the cycle of weeks and years and history itself, into eternity:
“For behold, I create new heavens and a new earth; and the former shall not be remembered or come to mind.” Isaiah 65:17 (NKJV)
“Nevertheless we, according to His promise, look for new heavens and a new earth in which righteousness dwells.” 2 Peter 3:13 (NKJV)
“Now I saw a new heaven and a new earth, for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away.… And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes; there shall be no more death, nor sorrow, nor crying. There shall be no more pain, for the former things have passed away. Then He who sat on the throne said, ‘Behold, I make all things new.’” Revelation 21:1, 4–5 (NKJV)
Even in the new creation, Isaiah sees the rhythm of worship continuing: “from one New Moon to another, and from one Sabbath to another, all flesh shall come to worship before Me” (Isaiah 66:22–23).
Think again about Rashi's parable. The feast is over, the week is complete—and the King says, “Stay with Me.” That is the Eighth Day. Not a temporary booth anymore, but a permanent home. Not seventy bulls for scattered nations, but one offering for one people gathered around one throne. Not a week that ends, but a day that never does:
“And there shall be no more curse, but the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it, and His servants shall serve Him. They shall see His face, and His name shall be on their foreheads. There shall be no night there… And they shall reign forever and ever.” Revelation 22:3–5 (NKJV)
Living in the Rehearsal
So here is the whole story of redemption, written into one chapter of Leviticus and rehearsed every year for thousands of years:
Four of these appointments have been kept to the very day. I believe the other four will be fulfilled in some special way as well. The God who set these times has never been late for an appointment.
Whether or not you celebrate the feasts in your home, let them teach you where history is going. We are living in the long summer harvest, between Shavuot and the trumpet. The fields are white. The Bridegroom is coming. And the feast that waits for us is not a feast of mourning, but a feast of only joy.
A Prayer
Father, thank You for Your appointed times. Thank You that You are a God who keeps every appointment You make. Thank You for Yeshua, our Passover Lamb, our Unleavened Bread, our Firstfruits from the dead, and for the Spirit You poured out at Shavuot.
Keep us faithful in the harvest field while we wait for the trumpet. Let us look on the One who was pierced with mourning and with love. And bring us, with Israel and with every nation, into the joy of Your tabernacle, where You dwell with us and we dwell with You forever.
Maranatha. Come, Lord Yeshua. Amen.
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